مدیریت جامع اراضی یا مدیریت جامع آبخیز ؟

نویسندگان
زینب کریمی 1
علی طالبی 2
1 پژوهشگر پسادکتری دانشگاه یزد
2 استاد دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد.
چکیده
در ابتدا متغیرهای ناشناخته و محیط، طبیعت و زیستگاه‌های انسانی را کنترل می‌کردند. اما امروزه توسعه کنترل نشده زیستگاه‌های انسانی، محیط را تغییر می‌دهد و به‌طور جدی همه اراضی دست‌نخورده را تهدید می‌کند. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی برنامه‌ها و اهداف مدیریت جامع اراضی (ILM)[1] و مدیریت جامع آبخیز (IWM)[2] به‌منظور انتخاب و معرفی الگوی برنامه‌ریزی مناسب برای برنامه‌ریزان و سیاست‌گذاران پرداخته است. ILM علمی است که از ترکیب دانش جوامع محلی، مردم بومی و کلیه افرادی که از محیط سود می‌برند و هم‌چنین از علوم طبیعی و اجتماعی حاصل ‌شده است. حالت پیشرفته ILM، IWM است، که دید همه ‌سونگر دارد و به تحلیل نتایج در بلندمدت توجه می‌کند. در واقع، IWM، به‌عنوان مفهومی نو و رویکردی جدید در راستای برنامه‌ریزی، توسعه، مدیریت منابع آب و پوشش گیاهی با تأکید ویژه بر مسائل اقتصادی و اجتماعی و محیط‌زیستی مطرح می‌باشد که به دنبال ایجاد راهکارهای مشارکتی در این عرصه‌ها است. هدف این رویکرد و این راهکار ایجاد یکپارچگی و هماهنگی در مدیریت منابع طبیعی و منابع اجتماعی حوضه‌ها در قالب برنامه‌های مردم‌محور است. تمایز اصلی IWM با ILM در این است که IWM بر برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی حوضه تأکید داشته، به‌طوری ‌که مبتنی بر شناخت حوضه، اقدام به تعریف راهبردهای کلان حوضه نموده و انواع برنامه‌های راهبردی و پاسخ‌های مدیریتی بهبود سلامت حوضه را در دستور کار کمیته راهبردی خویش قرار می‌دهد. لذا IWM، نواقص و محدودیت‌های ILM را رفع و به‌عنوان یک الگوی برنامه‌ریزی مناسب به برنامه‌ریزان معرفی می‌شود.
 
کلیدواژه‌ها
برنامه‌های راهبردی
راهکارهای مشارکتی
یکپارچگی
مدیریت جامع اراضی
مدیریت جامع آبخیز

عنوان مقاله English

Integrated land management or Integrated watershed management?

نویسندگان English

zeinab karimi 1
A. Talebi 2
1 Postdoctoral researcher, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University
چکیده English

In the beginning, unknown variables and the environment controlled the nature of human settlements. But, today, the uncontrolled expansion of human settlements is modifying the environment and seriously threatening the sustainability of the whole lands. In this regard, the present study examines the plans and objectives of Integrated Land Management (ILM) and Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) in order to select and introduce an appropriate planning model for planners and policy makers. ILM is a science that combines the knowledge of local communities, indigenous peoples and all people who benefit from the environment and also derived from the natural and social sciences. The advanced state of ILM is IWM, which has comprehensive view and focuses on analyzing the results in the long run. In fact, IWM is a new concept and a new approach to planning, development, water resources management and vegetation with special emphasis on economic, social and environmental issues that seek to create participatory solutions in these areas. The purpose of this approach and this solution is to create integration and coordination in the management of natural resources and social resources of the watersheds in the form of people-centered programs. The main difference between IWM and ILM is that IWM emphasizes watershed strategic planning, based on the knowledge of the watershed, action to definition the macro strategies of the watershed, and puts a variety of strategic plans and management responses to improve watershed health on the agenda of its strategic committee. Therefore, IWM eliminates the shortcomings and limitations of ILM and is introduced to programmers as a suitable planning model.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Strategic plans
Participatory solutions
Integration
Integrated land management
Integrated watershed management
  1. Arteaga, J., Ochoa, P., Fries, A., and Boll, J. 2020. Identification of Priority Areas for Integrated Management of Semiarid Watersheds in the Ecuadorian Andes. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 56 (2): 270-282.
  2. Athari, Z., Pezeshki rad, G.R., Abbasi, A., and Ali beigi, A.H. 2016. Prepared the appropriate model of comprehensive management of the country's watersheds. Geographic Planning of Space Quarterly Journal 6 (20): 226-209 (In Persian).
  3. Cathie, J., and Dick, H., 1987. Food Security and Macroeconomic Stabilization: a Case Study of Botswana. Mohr, Tubingen, Germany.
  4. Drenner, R.W., Day, D.J., Basham, S.J., Smith, J.D., and Jensen, S.I. 1997. Ecological water treatment system for removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from polluted water. Ecological Applications, 7.
  5. 5. Ellis, J., and Galvin, K.A. 1994. Climate patterns and land-use practices in the dry zones of Africa. 44: 340–349.
  6. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1990. How Good the Earth? Quantifying Land Resources in Developing Countries- FAO’s Agro-Ecological Zones Studies. Land and Water Development Division, FAO, Rome, Italy.
  7. Fresco, L.O., and Kroonenberg, S.B. 1992. Time and spatial scales in ecological sustainability. Land Use Policy. 9 (3): 155–168.
  8. Hyams, E. 1952. Soil and civilization. Thames and Hudson, London, UK.
  9. McDuff, M., Appelson, G.S., Jacobson, S.K., and Israel, G.D. 2008. Watershed management in north Florida: public knowledge, attitudes and information needs. Lake and Reservoir Management, 24 (1): 47 56.
  10. Ministry of Agricultural Jahad. 2011. International project document of organizational strengthening and reinforcement in order to integrated management of natural resources, Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization, 82 p.
  11. Mohseni Saravi, M. Mortezaii Frizhandi, G. 2014. Integrated watershed management. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
  12. Mohseni saravi, M., Ebrahimi, P., Salimi kouchi, J., Ounegh, M., and Garshasbi, P. 2016. Review of upstream documents, laws, regulations related to integrated watershed management and review of capabilities and obstacles to the realization of integrated watershed management, National Integrated Watershed Management Master Plan Project Report, 3, 712 p (In Persian).
  13. Momenian, P., Nazarnejhad, H., Miryaghoubzadeh, M., and Mostafazadeh, R. 2018. Assessment and Prioritizing of Subwatersheds Based on Watershed Health Scores (Case Study: Ghotorchay, Khoy, West Azerbaijan). Journal of Watershed Management Research 9 (17): 1- 13 (In Persian).
  14. Mosaffaie, J., Nikkami, D., Salehpour Jam, A. 2019. Watershed Management in Iran: History, Evolution and Future Needs. J. Watershed Eng. Manag 11 (2): 283-300 (In Persian).
  15. Mutekanga, F. 2012. Participatory policy development for integrated watershed management in Uganda’s highlands. PhD Thesis University of Wageningen.
  16. National Research Council. 1989. Alternative agriculture. National Academies Press.
  17. Panel on Integrated Land Management United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development, International Development Research Centre and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 1997. On Solid Ground Science, Technology, and Integrated Land Management.
  18. Penning de Vries, F.W.T., van Laar, H.H., and Kropff, M.J. 1991. Simulation and Systems Analysis for Rice Production (SARP). Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands. 269 pp.
  19. Pierce, D., Barbier, E. and Markandya, A. 1990. Sustainable Development: Economics and Environment in the Third World. Edward Elgar, Oxon, UK.
  20. Promburom, P. 2010. Companion modeling & watershed management in Northern Thailand: The importance of local networks. PhD Thesis University of Lyon.
  21. Rostamizadeh, Gh. 2011. Selecting the best plan for the management of Taleghan watershed. Doctoral seminar, University of Tehran 74 p (In Persian).
  22. Salehpour Jam, A., Sarreshtehdari, A., Tabatabaei, M. 2018. Prioritizing Preventing Factors Affecting on Stakeholder Participation in Watershed Plans Based on Expert Idea, Case Study: Watershed Area Surrounding City of Tehran. J. Watershed Eng. Manag 9 (4): 441-450 (In Persian).
  23. Saveneije, H., and Huisman, H. 1991. Making Haste Slowly: Strengthening Local Environmental Management in Agricultural Development. KIT Press, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Development Oriented Research in Agriculture 2, 239 p.
  24. Siebenhuner, M., Silitonga, P.H., Sudradjat, A., and Toloczyki, M. 1993. Environmental Geology for Landuse and Regional Planning- Greater Bandung Area, Indonesia. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Hannover, Germany.
  25. Ziemer, R.R., O’Loughlin, C.L., and Hamilton, L.S. 1990. Research Needs and Applications to Reduce Erosion and Sedimentation in Tropical Steeplands. Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Suva, Fiji. IAHS Press, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. Publication 192, 298–308.