Examining legal gaps in the restoration and environmental rehabilitation of open-pit mines

Authors
Mona Khodadadi Feijani 1
Shirin shirazian 2
Shahram Bikpour 3
bita Azadbakht 4
Ali Mohammadi 5
1 PhD Student in Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Water, Food and Processes, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Environmental Law, Faculty of Agriculture, Water, Food and Processes, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Environment and Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Water, Food and Processes, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
5 Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Planning, Faculty of Agriculture, Water, Food and Processes, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
10.22034/wmji.2025.2050346.1094
Abstract
Access to mineral resources is vital for humanity. Mining, along with agriculture, is a foundational industry that provides essential raw materials for electricity, steel, petrochemicals, and food production. However, the topographical and environmental changes resulting from mining, as well as their effects on human health and watershed management, must be addressed. Achieving a balance between these competing interests requires effective restoration and rehabilitation of mining sites. Current mining laws often permit exploration and extraction without sufficiently considering the rights and interests of local communities, leading to social conflicts and operational challenges. The findings indicate that mining in watershed areas faces significant issues, including economic and social resource depletion and raw material exports, alongside environmental destruction and harm. Additionally, mining often lacks social acceptance and support. Continuing with this approach will not benefit the mining sector


Keywords
Reconstruction
Legal
Environmental
Open-pit Mining
Watershed
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