واکاوی موانع اجرای برنامه ارتباطات، آموزش، مشارکت و آگاهی‌افزایی عمومی (سیپا) در راستای احیای تالاب زریوار

نویسندگان
بهزاد رنجبر 1
روح اله رضائی 2
1 گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان
2 گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی -دانشگاه زنجان
10.22034/wmji.2025.2051096.1096
چکیده
باوجود اهمیت جهانی تالاب­ ها، این اکوسیستم­ ها در دهه­ های اخیر همواره تحت‌فشار، تهدید و تخریب فزاینده­ای قرار گرفته‌اند. از سوی دیگر، شواهد حاکی از آن است که به‌رغم اهمیت برنامه­ های سیپا، اجرای این برنامه­ ها در کشورهای مختلف به ­ویژه ایران با موانع و مسائل مختلفی روبه­ رو شده که سبب کاهش اثربخشی آن شده است. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، هدف اصلی این پژوهش «واکاوی موانع فراروی اجرای برنامه سیپا در تالاب زریوار» بود. ابزار پژوهش برای گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه بود که روایی محتوایی آن از سوی کارشناسان و متخصصان موضوعی تأیید شد. داده‌های گردآوری شده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSSWin25 تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. یافته‌های تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که اصلی­ترین موانع فراروی اجرای برنامه سیپا در تالاب زریوار شامل ضعف آگاهی‌بخشی و ظرفیت‌سازی آموزشی، ضعف ساختاری و نهادی، نبود هم‌افزایی و هماهنگی بین سازمانی، ضعف رسانه‌ای و بازاریابی محیطی و موانع فرهنگی و ضعف مشارکت اجتماعی بودند که درمجموع این پنج عامل در حدود ۶۷/۶۵ درصد از واریانس کل را تبیین کردند. همچنین، با توجه به نتایج آزمون t تک­نمون ه­ای مشخص شد که تمامی پنج عامل اشاره‌شده در وضعیت بالای متوسط قرار گرفتند که حاکی از شدت بالای موانع اجرای برنامه سیپا در تالاب زریوار داشت. بر اساس یافته­ های پژوهش، پیشنهاد می­ گردد که از طریق توانمندسازی جامعه محلی با آموزش و مشارکت و تقویت هماهنگی بین سازمان‌ها با ایجاد ساختارهای مشترک و سامانه‌های اطلاعاتی یکپارچه، موانع موجود بر سر راه اجرای برنامه سیپا برطرف شده و احیای این تالاب ارزشمند محقق گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
احیای تالاب
برنامه سیپا
شهرستان مریوان
زریوار
موانع و چالش ها

عنوان مقاله English

Analysis of Barriers to the Implementation of the CEPA Program for the Restoration of Zarivar Wetland

نویسندگان English

behzad ranjbar 1
rouholla rezaei 2
1 Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan
2 Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan
چکیده English

Despite the global significance of wetlands, these ecosystems have consistently faced increasing pressure, threats, and degradation in recent decades. Furthermore, evidence indicates that notwithstanding the importance of CEPA programs, their implementation in various countries, particularly Iran, has encountered numerous obstacles and challenges, consequently reducing their effectiveness. Considering the importance of this issue, the primary objective of this research was to analyze the barriers to the implementation of the CEPA program in the Zrebar Wetland. The research instrument employed for data collection was a questionnaire, the content validity of which was confirmed by subject matter experts and specialists. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using the SPSSWin25 statistical software package. The factor analysis findings revealed that the principal barriers to the implementation of the CEPA program in Zrebar Wetland encompass weaknesses in awareness-raising and educational capacity building; structural and institutional weaknesses; lack of inter-organizational synergy and coordination; deficiencies in media outreach and environmental marketing; and cultural barriers and weaknesses in social participation. Collectively, these five factors accounted for approximately 65.67% of the total variance. Moreover, results from the one-sample t-test demonstrated that all five aforementioned factors registered significantly above the average level, indicating a high severity of barriers impeding CEPA program implementation in the Zrebar Wetland. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the existing barriers to CEPA program implementation be addressed and the restoration of this valuable wetland be facilitated through the empowerment of the local community via targeted training and active participation. Concurrently, strengthening inter-organizational coordination by establishing shared administrative structures and integrated information systems is crucial for overcoming these barriers and achieving the successful revitalization of the wetland.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Barriers and challenges
CEPA program
Marivan County
Wetland restoration
Zarivar
  1. Abadi, B., Jalali, M., and Mousavi, S. B. 2018. The Path Analysis of Water Conservation Behavior in Agricultural Sector and Revivification of Lake Urmia: The Case of Farmers in Southern Basin of Lake Urmia. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 13(2), 251-268 (In Persian).
  2. AminFanak, D., Rezaei, R., and Zeinalzadeh, K. 2022. Analyzing the Crisis Situation of Lake Urmia Catchment Area and Providing Solutions for its Sustainable Management: An Application of DPSIR Model. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 17(2), 29-45 (In Persian).
  3. Asadpourian, Z., Naderi, K., and Mohammadi, Y. 2021. Investigating the Strategies of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Water Resources in Lorestan Province. Iranian Agricultural Extension And Education Journal, 17(2), 63-80 (In Persian).
  4. Asali, M., and Ahmadpour, A. 2023. Analysis of Mechanisms to Improve the Agricultural Water Resources Management in Paddy Fields. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 18(Special Issue), 197-211 (In Persian).
  5. Babbie, E. 2015. The Practice of Social Research (14th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.
  6. Benjamin, D. 2024. Socio-technical challenges in applying the Nature-based solution of Wetland Restoration for Climate Action in the Netherlands (Master's thesis, University of Twente).
  7. Chatterjee, S., Chakraborty, K., and Mura, S. N. S. 2022. Investigating the present status, spatial change, and emerging issues related to riparian wetlands of Bhagirathi–Jalangi Floodplain (BJF) in lower deltaic West Bengal, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(5), 7388-7434.
  8. Chen, H., Kumar, P., and Barker, T. 2022. Wetland Quality as a Determinant of Economic Value of Ecosystem Services: an Exploration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.01153.
  9. Cheng, Q., Zhou, L. F., and Wang, T. L. 2018. Eco-environmental water requirements in Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland based on multi-source remote sensing data. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 9(2), 338-346.
  10. Costanza, R., Anderson, S. J., Sutton, P., Mulder, K., Mulder, O., Kubiszewski, I., and Dee, G. 2021. The global value of coastal wetlands for storm protection. Global environmental change, 70, 102328.
  11. Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). USA: SAGE Publications.
  12. Dalu, M. T., Mukhuwana, O., Cuthbert, R. N., Marambanyika, T., Gunter, A. W., Murungweni, F. M., and Dalu, T. 2022. Understanding communities’ perceptions, demographics and uses of wetlands in Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, South Africa. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 30(6), 1231-1244.
  13. Davidson, N. C., Van Dam, A. A., Finlayson, C. M., and McInnes, R. J. 2019. Worth of wetlands: revised global monetary values of coastal and inland wetland ecosystem services. Marine and Freshwater Research, 70(8), 1189-1194.
  14. Deane, D. C., Fordham, D. A., He, F., and Bradshaw, C. J. 2017. Future extinction risk of wetland plants is higher from individual patch loss than total area reduction. Biological Conservation, 209, 27-33.
  15. Do, Y., Kim, J. Y., Lineman, M., Kim, D. K., & Joo, G. J. 2015. Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands. Conservation Biology, 29(1), 271-279.
  16. Duraiappah, A. K., Asah, S. T., Brondizio, E. S., Kosoy, N., O’Farrell, P. J., Prieur-Richard, A., Subramanian, S. M., and Takeuchi, K. 2014. Managing the mismatches to provide ecosystem services for human well-being: a conceptual framework for understanding the New Commons. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 7, 94–100.
  17. Fang, X. S., Liu, S., Chen, W. Z., and Wu, R. Z. 2021. An Effective Method for Wetland Park Health Assessment: A Case Study of the Guangdong Xinhui National Wetland Park in the Pearl River Delta, China. Wetlands, 41(4), 1-16.
  18. Feyzi, B., Ahmadifard, N., and Erfanian, M. 2021. Study of changes in vegetation and water level in zarivar lake using landsat satellite in the period 1984 to 2016. (In Persian)
  19. Gantioler, S., Rayment, M., Ten Brink, P., McConville, A., Kettunen, M., and Bassi, S. 2014. The costs and socio-economic benefits associated with the Natura 2000 network. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 6(1-2), 135-157.
  20. Gholamhosein ghoochani, S., Hatami yazd, A., and Kolahi, M. 2023. Wetlands Conservation Through CEPA Program, a Case Study of Hashilan Wetland in Kermanshah. Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 11(3), 159-174 (In Persian).
  21. Hamedi Ogholbeyk, A., Galenoei, M. R., and Azizabadi Farahani, F. 2023. The Influence of the Media and Effective Factors on the Participation of Users of Watershed Management Projects in Tekab and Shahindej Cities of West Azarbaijan Province. Watershed Management Research, 36(3), 42-54 (In Persian).
  22. Hesselink, F., Goldstein, W., Van Kempen, PP., Garnett, T., and Dela, J. 2007. Communication, education and public awareness (CEPA). A toolkit for National Focal Points and NBSAP Coordinators, 310.
  23. Hesselink, F., Goldstein, W., Van Kempen, PP., Garnett, T., and Dela, J. 2019. Communication, Education and Public Awareness (CEPA). A toolkit for NBSAP coordinators. the world conservation union.
  24. Homayounie Moghadam, F., Amir Mazaheri, A. M. , Nasrollahi Kasmani, A., and Rasouli, M. R. 2022. Analysis of the Relationship between Watching TV and Increasing Environmental Literacy Based on the Three Dimensions of Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior (Case Study: Tehran Citizens). Geography and Environmental Planning, 33(3), 103-118 (In Persian).
  25. Homayounie Moghadam, F., Amirmazaheri, A., Nasrollahi Kasmani, A., and Rasoulie, M. R. 2023. Enhancing the Environmental Awareness of the Audience Through Media With Emphasis on television (Case Study of Tehran Citizens). Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication and Media, 6(20), 36-5 (In Persian).
  26. Hooshyar, M., and Javanbakht, N. 2021. Local Communities Participation in Wetland Ecotourism Development (Case study: International Kani Barazan Wetland of Mahabad) (In Persian)
  27. Hopkins, K. G., Noe, G. B., Franco, F., Pindilli, E. J., Gordon, S., Metes, M. J., and Hogan, D. M. 2018. A method to quantify and value floodplain sediment and nutrient retention ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Management, 220, 65-76.
  28. Imdad, K., Rihan, M., Sahana, M., Parween, S., Ahmed, R., Costache, R., and Tripathi, R. 2022. Wetland health, water quality, and resident perceptions of declining ecosystem services: a case study of Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-27.
  29. Jalalian, H., Javed, L., Javan, F., and Ghasemiyan, Z. 2020. Measuring villagers' awareness of sustainable agriculture in order to preserve the natural ecosystem (Case study: Rural settlements along lake Zarivar) (In Persian).
  30. Janse, J. H., Van Dam, A. A., Hes, E. M., de Klein, J. J., Finlayson, C. M., Janssen, A. B., and Verhoeven, J. T. 2019. Towards a global model for wetlands ecosystem services. Current opinion in environmental sustainability, 36, 11-19.
  31. Jensi, Z., Mahmoodi Chenari, H., Rahimipour Shekhaninejad, M. A. , Maskani, H., and Abedi, T. 2023. Layered analysis of the causes of instability in Iranian wetlands. Majlis and Rahbord, 30(114), 5-39 (In Persian).
  32. Khatik, N. 2022. Wetland Creation, Restoration, and Conservation: Wetland Protection. In Handbook of Research on Monitoring and Evaluating the Ecological Health of Wetlands (pp. 17-26). IGI Global.
  33. Kumar, P., Debele, S. E., Sahani, J., Rawat, N., Marti-Cardona, B., Alfieri, S. M., and Zieher, T. 2021. Nature-based solutions efficiency evaluation against natural hazards: Modelling methods, advantages and limitations. Science of the Total Environment, 784, 147058.
  34. Kumari, R., Shukla, S. K., Parmar, K., Bordoloi, N., Kumar, A., and Saikia, P. 2020. Wetlands conservation and restoration for ecosystem services and halt biodiversity loss: An Indian perspective. In Restoration of wetland ecosystem: A Trajectory towards a sustainable environment (pp. 75-85). Springer, Singapore.
  35. Lee, L. H. 2017. Perspectives on landscape aesthetics for the ecological conservation of wetlands. Wetlands, 37(2), 381-389.
  36. Maithya, J. K., Ming’ate, F. L., and Letema, S. C. 2022. The impact of wetland utilisation on provisioning ecosystem services in Nyando Wetland, Kenya. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 24(01), 2250023.
  37. Maithya, J., Ming’ate, F., and Letema, S. 2020. A Review on Ecosystem Services and their Threats in the Conservation of Nyando Wetland, Kisumu County, Kenya. Tanzania Journal of Science, 46(3), 711-722.
  38. Martin, E. G., Costa, M. M., Egerer, S., and Schneider, U. A. 2021. Assessing the long-term effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions under different climate change scenarios. Science of the Total Environment, 794, 148515.
  39. Mbozo, E. N., and Ekollo, S. N. 2024. Towards sustainable wetlands management: stakeholder perceptions in cameroon. American journal of agriculture and environmental sciences, 12(1), 1-19.
  40. Mohamadi, S., Rahmani, H. and Manoochehri, S. 2021. Identification of Factors and Spatial Zoning of the Security Instability Situation in Rural Borderlands (Case Study: Marivan County). Geography and Development, 19(63), 249-284 (In Persian).
  41. Mpokigwa, M. K. 2010. The role of communication, education and public awareness raising on community participation in forest management in Mufindi District, Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA).
  42. Nayak, A., and Bhushan, B. 2022. Wetland Ecosystems and Their Relevance to the Environment: Importance of Wetlands. In Handbook of Research on Monitoring and Evaluating the Ecological Health of Wetlands (pp. 1-16). IGI Global.
  43. Nelson, D. R., Bledsoe, B. P., Ferreira, S., and Nibbelink, N. P. 2020. Challenges to realizing the potential of nature-based solutions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 45, 49–55.
  44. Orimoloye, I. R., Kalumba, A. M., Mazinyo, S. P., and Nel, W. 2020. Geospatial analysis of wetland dynamics: wetland depletion and biodiversity conservation of Isimangaliso Wetland, South Africa. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 32(1), 90-96.
  45. Peng, J., Liu, S., Lu, W., Liu, M., Feng, S., and Cong, P. 2021. Continuous change mapping to understand wetland quantity and quality evolution and driving forces: a case study in the Liao River estuary from 1986 to 2018. Remote Sensing, 13(23), 4900.
  46. Raburu, P. O., Kwena, F., and Nyandiga, C. O. 2012. Challenges and Lessons Learnt on Community Based Wetland Management.
  47. Ragavan, P., Kathiresan, K., Mohan, P. M., Ravichandran, K., Jayaraj, R. S. C., and Rana, T. S. 2021. Ensuring the adaptive potential of Coastal wetlands of India-the need of the hour for sustainable management. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 29(5), 641-652.
  48. Rahemh Ardakani, A., Esmaeilpour, Y., Mohammadi, Y and Gholami, H. 2018. Factor Analysis of Obstacles to the Local Communities Participation in the Biological Restoration and Desertification Plans of Carbon Sequestration Project in the Lapui County, Fars Province. Watershed Management Research, 31(2), 27-40 (In Persian).
  49. Rattan, R., Sharma, B., Kumar, R., Saigal, V., and Shukla, S. 2021. Ramsar Convention: History, Structure, Operations, and Relevance. Wetlands conservation: Current challenges and future strategies, 17-39.
  50. Rezaei, R., Safa, L., and Aminfanak, D. 2022. Identification and Analysis of Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Agricultural Activities in the Provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan in order to Revitalize Lake Urmia. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 18(1), 1-19 (In Persian).
  51. Rezaei, S. and Rezaei-Moghadam, K. 2024. Determinants of Local Community Participation in Restoration of Parishan Wetland. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 20(1), 1-21 (In Persian).
  52. Ricart, S., and Rico-Amorós, A. M. 2022. Can agriculture and conservation be compatible in a coastal wetland? Balancing stakeholders’ narratives and interactions in the management of El Hondo Natural Park, Spain. Agriculture and Human Values, 39(2), 589-604.
  53. Samadi Kuchaksaraei, B., Rezaei Tavabe, K., Gholamzadeh, P., Zohrabi, H., and Moradi, N. 2024. Evaluation of Suitable Decision-making Methods to Select the Best Method for Parishan Wetland Restoration Management. Journals of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 185-199 (In Persian).
  54. Sayer, J., Boedhihartono, A. K., Langston, J. D., Margules, C., Riggs, R. A., and Sari, D. A. 2021. Governance challenges to landscape restoration in Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 104, 104857.
  55. Shafiei Nia, S., Adhami, A., and Khademian, T. 2023. Investigating the impacts of the subjective dimensions of the feeling of security on social participation of border residents (Case study: villages of Kurdistan province). Sociology of Culture and Art, 5(4), 156-170.
  56. Shanazi, K. 2016. Evaluation of the effects of Zarivar Wetland on the livelihoods of villagers living on the edge of the wetland in Marivan County. Master's thesis, University of Zanjan (In Persian). pp. 187
  57. Speake, M. A., Carbone, M. E., and Spetter, C. V. 2020. Análisis del sistema socio-ecológico del estuario Bahía Blanca (Argentina) y su impacto en los servicios ecosistémicos y el bienestar humano. Investigaciones Geográficas (Esp), (73), 121-145.
  58. Stephenson, P. J., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., and Simaika, J. P. 2020. The use of traditional and modern tools for monitoring wetlands biodiversity in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 61.
  59. Taghavi, L., Habibi, E., and ASAD, A. L. 2016. The Importance and Role of Media in Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development Approach (In Persian).
  60. Talaei, F. and Daryadel, E. 2015. A Case Study of Anzali Lagoon in the Framework of Ramsar Convention:Challenges and Solutions. International Law Review, 32(52), 277-312 (In Persian).
  61. The first workshop on developing an integrated ecosystem management plan for Zarivar Wetland. 2013. Kurdistan Wetland Ecosystem Management Secretariat (In Persian). pp. 61
  62. The fourth workshop for the preparation of an integrated ecosystem management plan for Zarivar wetland. 2014. Secretariat of Wetland Ecosystem Management of Kurdistan (In Persian). pp.49
  63. The second workshop on developing an integrated ecosystem management plan for Zarivar Wetland. 2014. Kurdistan Wetland Ecosystem Management Secretariat (In Persian). pp. 76
  64. The third workshop on developing an integrated ecosystem management plan for Zarivar Wetland. 2014. Kurdistan Wetland Ecosystem Management Secretariat (In Persian). pp. 73
  65. Vélez, J. M. M., García, S. B., and Tenorio, A. E. 2018. Policies in coastal wetlands: Key challenges. Environmental science & policy, 88, 72-82.
  66. Wu, C., and Chen, W. 2020. Indicator system construction and health assessment of wetland ecosystem- Taking Hongze Lake Wetland, China as an example. Ecological Indicators, 112, 106164.
  67. Yang, W., You, Q., Fang, N., Xu, L., Zhou, Y., Wu, N., and Wang, Y. 2018. Assessment of wetland health status of Poyang Lake using vegetation-based indices of biotic integrity. Ecological Indicators, 90, 79-89.
  68. Yazdani, H. 2016. Investigating the factors affecting the environmental behaviors of stakeholders of Zarivar Lake, Marivan County. Master's thesis, University of Zanjan (In Persian).
  69. Yi, Q., Huixin, G., Yaomin, Z., Jinlian, S., Xingyu, Z., Huize, Y., and Xiankai, H. 2024. Global conservation priorities for wetlands and setting post-2025 targets. Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1), 4.
  70. Yousefi, H., Torabi podeh, H., Haghizadeh, A., Samadi, A., Arshiya, A., and Yarahmadi, Y. 2022. Monitoring the Changes of Zaribar Lake in Kurdistan Using Spectral Indicators and Landsat Images in Google Earth Engine System. Hydrogeology, 6(2), 30-41 (In Persian).
  71. Zarivar Wetland Comprehensive Management Program. 2017. A group of authors (Iran's Wetlands Protection Plan); Prepared with the cooperation of representatives of government agencies, local communities and non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders of Zarivar Lagoon. Tehran, publicationTalai (In Persian). pp. 136

Zebardast, L., Akbarpour, S., Jafari, H. R., and Bagherzadeh Karimi, M. 2021. Sustainable wetland management through bridging the communication gap between conservation projects and local communities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 11098-11119. (In Persian)