تعدد بهرهوران و بحران حوزه آبریز ماملو: استفاده از روش سندکاوی برای یافتن پیامدها
نویسندگان
1
پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی، گروه برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری و منطقهای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2
استادیار گروه برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری و منطقهای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
3
استاد بازنشسته گروه برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری و منطقهای، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
10.22034/wmji.2025.2070777.1128
چکیده
بحرانهای آبی در حوزههای آبریز ایران طی دهههای اخیر بهویژه در مناطق پیرامونی کلانشهر تهران، به دلیل فشارهای چندگانه بر منابع محدود آب تشدید شده است. حوزه آبریز ماملو، بهعنوان یکی از منابع اصلی تأمین آب شرب تهران و محل تمرکز فعالیتهای کشاورزی، صنعتی و سکونتی، نمونهای بارز از چنین وضعیت پیچیدهای است. هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی پیامدهای ناشی از تعدد و تکثر بهرهوران در شکلگیری و تعمیق بحران حوزه آبریز ماملو بوده است. روش پژوهش، کیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل مضمون و روش سندکاوی است که با مرور اسناد، گزارشهای مرتبط و بهرهگیری از نرمافزار MAXQDA انجام گرفت. یافتهها نشان داد که ساختار مدیریتی متمرکز و سلسلهمراتبی، همراه با عدم وجود سازوکارهای مؤثر هماهنگکننده بین بهرهوران دولتی، غیردولتی و اجتماع محلی، باعث ضعف ظرفیت نهادی، تعارضات گسترده و کاهش اثربخشی سیاستها شده است. این بحران موجب ناتوانی در مدیریت کارآمد حوزه آبریز و تشدید مشکلات بهرهبرداری منابع آب شده است. از منظر اقتصادی، تخصیص ناعادلانه منابع آب و اولویتدهی به تأمین آب شرب شهری، باعث کاهش بهرهوری کشاورزی، افزایش بیکاری و تهدید امنیت غذایی حوزه آبریز شده است. پیامدهای محیطزیستی شامل برداشت بدون توجه به ظرفیت از منابع سطحی و زیرزمینی، افزایش آلودگی ناشی از پسابهای صنعتی و شهری و تغییرات نامناسب در کاربری زمین است که منجر به فرونشست زمین، کاهش تنوع زیستی و تشدید آسیبپذیری بومسازگان محلی شده است. همچنین تعارضات اجتماعی ناشی از عدم هماهنگی و مشارکت بهرهوران مختلف، نارضایتی کشاورزان و مهاجرت روستاییان را به دنبال داشته است. بر این اساس استقرار «مدیریت یکپارچه حوزه آبریز» مبتنی بر شفافیت نهادی، مشارکت مؤثر بهرهوران محلی، بازنگری در تخصیص منابع و سیاستگذاری هماهنگ چند سطحی (ملی، منطقهای و محلی)، ضرورتی اجتنابناپذیر برای دستیابی به توسعه پایدار و افزایش تابآوری حوزه آبریز ماملو محسوب میشود. این رهیافت میتواند تعارضات بهرهبرداری را کاهش داده و تابآوری بومشناختی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی منطقه را ارتقاء بخشد.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله English
Multiplicity of Stakeholders and the Mamloo Watershed Crisis: Applying Document Analysis to Identify the Consequences
نویسندگان English
Faezeh Hamedanchi
1
Vahide Ebrahim Nia
2
Mozaffar Sarrafi
3
1
Doctoral researcher of Urban Planning, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3
Professor emeritus, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English
Water crises in Iran’s watersheds have intensified in recent decades، particularly in the peri urban areas surrounding Tehran، due to multiple pressures on limited water resources. The Mamloo watershed، as one of the main sources of Tehran’s drinking water supply and a focal area for agricultural، industrial، and residential activities، represents a critical example of this complex situation. The aim of this study is to identify the consequences of stakeholder multiplicity in shaping and deepening the Mamloo watershed crisis. The research adopts a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis and document analysis، conducted through the review of reports، documents، and related data, using MAXQDA software. The findings indicate that a centralized and hierarchical management structure، coupled with the absence of effective coordination mechanisms among governmental، non-governmental، and local community stakeholders، has weakened institutional capacity، intensified conflicts، and reduced the effectiveness of policies. This managerial crisis has led to inefficiencies in watershed governance and aggravated challenges in water resource exploitation. From an economic perspective، the inequitable allocation of water resources and the prioritization of urban drinking water have reduced agricultural productivity، increased unemployment، and threatened food security within the watershed. Environmental consequences include unsustainable extraction of surface and groundwater resources، increased pollution from urban and industrial wastewater، and inappropriate land-use changes، which have resulted in land subsidence، biodiversity loss، and heightened ecosystem vulnerability. Furthermore، social conflicts arising from poor coordination and lack of stakeholder participation have triggered farmer dissatisfaction and rural out-migration. Accordingly، the establishment of integrated watershed management based on institutional transparency، effective participation of local stakeholders، revised water allocation، and multi-level (national، regional، local) coordinated policymaking is deemed essential for achieving sustainable development and enhancing the resilience of the Mamloo watershed. Such an approach can mitigate exploitation conflicts while strengthening the ecological، economic، and social resilience of the region.
کلیدواژهها English
Stakeholder Multiplicity
Environmental Crisis
Mamloo Watershed
Thematic Analysis
Document Analysis
Integrated Management
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